Symptoms of TBI

Chapter 5 – Symptoms of Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)

Symptoms of Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)

No two TBIs are exactly alike. Symptoms vary greatly depending on the part of the brain injured, the severity of the blow, and the person’s overall health. Some symptoms appear immediately, while others might show up days or even weeks later.

Physical Symptoms

Many people with TBI experience physical problems, including:

  • Headaches, which can be constant or come and go
  • Dizziness or loss of balance
  • Nausea or vomiting
  • Fatigue and low energy
  • Blurred vision or changes in eyesight
  • Sensitivity to light or noise
  • Sleep problems, such as insomnia or sleeping too much
  • Loss of smell or taste
  • Ringing in the ears (tinnitus)
  • Seizures (especially in moderate or severe TBI)

Cognitive Symptoms

The brain controls our ability to think, remember, and process information. TBI can cause:

  • Trouble concentrating or paying attention
  • Memory loss or forgetfulness
  • Slower thinking and problem-solving
  • Difficulty organizing tasks
  • Feeling “foggy” or confused
  • Trouble learning new information

Emotional and Behavioral Changes

TBI often affects emotions and personality. This can be one of the hardest parts for families to understand. Common changes include:

  • Irritability and mood swings
  • Anxiety or panic attacks
  • Depression or hopelessness
  • Increased impulsiveness
  • Lack of motivation
  • Difficulty controlling anger
  • Social withdrawal
  • Changes in sexual behavior (either increased or decreased interest)

These changes can be temporary or long-lasting, depending on the injury.

Short-Term vs. Long-Term Symptoms

Mild TBIs like concussions often resolve within weeks or months. However, some people experience post-concussion syndrome, where symptoms like headaches, fatigue, or memory issues persist longer than expected.

Moderate and severe TBIs carry a higher risk of lasting effects. Some people continue to struggle with symptoms for years, even with treatment and rehabilitation.

When to Seek Medical Help

Anyone who suffers a blow to the head should seek medical help if they:

  • Lose consciousness, even briefly
  • Have persistent or worsening headaches
  • Feel confused or disoriented
  • Vomit repeatedly
  • Have weakness or numbness in limbs
  • Experience seizures
  • Can’t wake up fully or stay awake

Early medical attention can save lives and reduce complications.

Why Recognizing Symptoms Matters

Knowing the symptoms of TBI helps families and patients recognize when something isn’t right. The sooner a brain injury is diagnosed and treated, the better the chances for recovery and avoiding long-term problems.

No symptom is “too small” to mention to a doctor. Trust your instincts — if something feels wrong after a head injury, it’s always safer to get checked.

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